Apple Tree Cultivation Techniques Apples are also high yielding fruit trees that are highly adaptable to the soil. Generally thin hills, flooded sand and light saline-alkali lands, after appropriate improvement, can be grown into a piece of cultivated fruit and the requirements of environmental conditions. Growth results Habits Apple roots do not have a natural dormancy period. Adult trees have 2 to 3 growth peaks within one year. They shift depending on the distribution of photosynthetic products, the rate of above-ground organ formation, and the external environment such as soil temperature and moisture. The first growth of the root system begins before the germination and changes to a low tide when the flowering and new shoots thrive. When the new shoot reaches a long stop, the second peak of root growth occurs. The quantity is more but the growth time is shorter; the third growth peak is Before and after harvesting and fruit harvesting, due to the long fall season in Huaibei area, the root system has a longer duration of growth and a large amount of growth. This is a good time for the tree to accumulate nutrients for storage. In addition, the upper and lower root systems are alternately grown under the influence of soil temperature. Branches of apple are divided into growing branches and fruiting branches. Growing branches have long branches, middle branches, short branches and leaf branch branches according to their length. Different types of shoots have different ability to stop growing and to store nutrients. The leaf twigs and short shoots usually stop growing 3 to 4 weeks after sprouting, and the accumulation of nutrients is early, and there is little outward transport. The middle and long branches stopped growing late, and sometimes they could not form project buds. Their assimilation nutrients are manufactured more and the amount of outbound transport is also large, which is the main source of storage nutrients for trees (including roots). Therefore, the same tree should have different numbers and proportions of long, medium and short branches, and apple shoots often show obvious secondary growth characteristics. Long branches can be divided into spring shoots and autumn shoots. Compared with northern apple production areas, the growth of new shoots and the large proportion of autumn shoots are two characteristics of apple shoot growth in Huaibei area. Saplings tend to be prosperous. Different apple varieties have differences in germination rate, branching ability, and apical dominance, which influence the difference in dryness, layer and tree shape of the entire canopy, and also affect the morning and evening of the beginning fruit period. The results of the branch according to its length and position of flower buds, can be divided into growing fruit branches (> 15 cm), fruiting branches (5 cm ~ 15 cm), short fruit branches (<5 cm) and buds buds four categories. The flower buds are mixed buds, and after opening they can produce new shoots and flower at the top. As a result, the shoots are very short, and after the fruits are inflated, the fruit pedestals are formed, so the result is actually the result of the mother shoots. Most apple varieties are dominated by short fruit branches, some of which have a certain proportion in the young and early fruit stages, and have a certain proportion in the middle and middle fruit shoots and buds and buds, which are the early results of young trees. As the age of the tree grows, the proportion of various types of fruiting branches will change, and the result will gradually shift to the result of short fruiting branches. Results After the results of the new phase, there are generally 1-2 fruit axillary shoots (ie, fruit-tree branches), either long or short, which are associated with the characteristics of the varieties. The ability of fruit and flower technology to form flower buds continuously differs depending on the variety and nutrition. Guoguang can be used for 5 consecutive years, and Golden Delicious for about 3 years. Most red stars form fruit buds every other year. Apples are usually cross-pollinated and robust, and they need to be equipped with pollination varieties in order to meet the normal seed-setting rate. However, some varieties, such as Guoguang, Anna, and Maiyan, have a certain degree of self-pollination. Flowering usually 6-8 days. The flowering period is shortened when the temperature is high and dry, and the flowering period is prolonged when the air is cold and humid. Some varieties have a long flowering period, flowers are opened in batches, the first batch of flowers is of good quality, and the fruiting rate is high. When the flowering amount is long, late flowering can be eliminated early; if the flowering amount is insufficient, or the first batch of flowers suffers from frost, the late flowers can be fully utilized. . During fruit development, there is a process of falling flowers and falling fruit twice. Falling flowers are the shedding of the pollinated fertilized flowers, and the ovary does not inflate. The first fruit drop occurs 1 to 2 weeks after flowering, which is caused by incomplete fertilization. The young fruit has a certain size. The second fruit drop happened 2 to 4 weeks after the first fruit drop, also known as “Jun fruit dropâ€, mainly due to competition between nutrients among various organs, and has a greater relationship with the strength of tree vigor. In addition, some varieties have a pre-harvest drop before fruit ripening. June fruit drop is a self-clearing phenomenon that develops during the development of the fruit tree system. A normal, certain amount of fruit drop is natural, but if it is caused by a bad climate or improper cultivation techniques, it will affect the yield. According to calculations, in the case of a large amount of flowers, only 5% to 15% of the results are required to ensure high yields. The number of natural fruits per inflorescence of different apple varieties is often different, and there are more gold crowns and Guoguangs, which can reach 4 to 5, marshals and red stars are often only 1 and red jade is only 1 to 2. 2. The requirements for environmental conditions Apple likes cool, dry, sunny weather conditions. It is generally believed that the average temperature of 12 to 18 degrees during the growth period from April to October is most suitable for the growth of apples. When the temperature is too high in the summer and the average temperature is >26 degrees, the flower buds are poorly differentiated, and the fruits develop quickly and are not resistant to storage. The suitable coloring temperature of the red variety before maturity is 10 degrees to 20 degrees. If the temperature difference between day and night is small and the night temperature is high, the coloring is difficult. Compared with the climate conditions in the northern region, especially the medium-maturing red varieties, there is a certain gap between the temperature and the optimum requirements, and the gap between the south and the Yangtze River increases. The annual precipitation of the main apple producing areas in the world is about 500 mm to 800 mm. During flower bud differentiation and fruit ripening, it is required that the air is relatively dry and the sunshine is sufficient, then the fruit surface is smooth, the color is rich, and the flower buds are full. If there is too much rainfall and insufficient sunshine, it will lead to leggy, bad flower bud differentiation, low yield and instability, serious diseases and insect pests, and poor fruit quality. The annual precipitation in Huaibei area is about 800 millimeters, but the distribution is uneven. There are spring drought, flood drought, or autumn drought. In July-August, the rainfall in most years is too concentrated, so the irrigation and drainage measures need to be strengthened. Apples are hi-light trees. Adequate light is conducive to normal growth and results, and is conducive to improving the quality of the fruit. Different species have different lighting requirements. The annual sunshine duration in Huaibei district is more than 2,000 hours, basically meeting the needs of apple growth and development. In terms of soil, apples are suitable for sandy soils with deep soil, well-drained, and organic-rich sandy loam. Soil acidity (pH) is preferably slightly acidic to neutral. When the soil is poorly ventilated, root growth is blocked. When PH 7.8 or above, it is prone to lack of chlorosis. Salt resistance to soil below 0.15%
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